diff --git a/beets/autotag/__init__.py b/beets/autotag/__init__.py
index 319f7f522..8fa5a6864 100644
--- a/beets/autotag/__init__.py
+++ b/beets/autotag/__init__.py
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 
 import warnings
 from importlib import import_module
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Union
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
 
 from beets import config, logging
 
@@ -117,8 +117,8 @@ SPECIAL_FIELDS = {
 
 
 def _apply_metadata(
-    info: Union[AlbumInfo, TrackInfo],
-    db_obj: Union[Album, Item],
+    info: AlbumInfo | TrackInfo,
+    db_obj: Album | Item,
     nullable_fields: Sequence[str] = [],
 ):
     """Set the db_obj's metadata to match the info."""
diff --git a/beets/dbcore/db.py b/beets/dbcore/db.py
index afae6e906..cc172d0d8 100755
--- a/beets/dbcore/db.py
+++ b/beets/dbcore/db.py
@@ -26,9 +26,16 @@ import threading
 import time
 from abc import ABC
 from collections import defaultdict
-from collections.abc import Generator, Iterable, Iterator, Mapping, Sequence
+from collections.abc import (
+    Callable,
+    Generator,
+    Iterable,
+    Iterator,
+    Mapping,
+    Sequence,
+)
 from sqlite3 import Connection, sqlite_version_info
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, AnyStr, Callable, Generic
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, AnyStr, Generic
 
 from typing_extensions import TypeVar  # default value support
 from unidecode import unidecode
diff --git a/beets/importer/session.py b/beets/importer/session.py
index 46277837e..83c5ad4e3 100644
--- a/beets/importer/session.py
+++ b/beets/importer/session.py
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 
 import os
 import time
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Sequence
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
 
 from beets import config, dbcore, library, logging, plugins, util
 from beets.importer.tasks import Action
@@ -25,6 +25,8 @@ from . import stages as stagefuncs
 from .state import ImportState
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from collections.abc import Sequence
+
     from beets.util import PathBytes
 
     from .tasks import ImportTask
diff --git a/beets/importer/stages.py b/beets/importer/stages.py
index d99b742a2..5474053d0 100644
--- a/beets/importer/stages.py
+++ b/beets/importer/stages.py
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 
 import itertools
 import logging
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Callable
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
 
 from beets import config, plugins
 from beets.util import MoveOperation, displayable_path, pipeline
@@ -30,6 +30,8 @@ from .tasks import (
 )
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from collections.abc import Callable
+
     from beets import library
 
     from .session import ImportSession
diff --git a/beets/importer/tasks.py b/beets/importer/tasks.py
index 710f4da50..9f60d7619 100644
--- a/beets/importer/tasks.py
+++ b/beets/importer/tasks.py
@@ -20,9 +20,10 @@ import re
 import shutil
 import time
 from collections import defaultdict
+from collections.abc import Callable, Iterable, Sequence
 from enum import Enum
 from tempfile import mkdtemp
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Callable, Iterable, Sequence
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
 
 import mediafile
 
diff --git a/beets/logging.py b/beets/logging.py
index 3ed5e5a84..8dab1cea6 100644
--- a/beets/logging.py
+++ b/beets/logging.py
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ from logging import (
     RootLogger,
     StreamHandler,
 )
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Mapping, TypeVar, Union, overload
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, TypeVar, Union, overload
 
 __all__ = [
     "DEBUG",
@@ -54,6 +54,8 @@ __all__ = [
 ]
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from collections.abc import Mapping
+
     T = TypeVar("T")
     from types import TracebackType
 
diff --git a/beets/metadata_plugins.py b/beets/metadata_plugins.py
index b865167e4..f42e8f690 100644
--- a/beets/metadata_plugins.py
+++ b/beets/metadata_plugins.py
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 import abc
 import re
 from functools import cache, cached_property
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Generic, Literal, Sequence, TypedDict, TypeVar
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Generic, Literal, TypedDict, TypeVar
 
 import unidecode
 from confuse import NotFoundError
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ from beets.util.id_extractors import extract_release_id
 from .plugins import BeetsPlugin, find_plugins, notify_info_yielded, send
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
-    from collections.abc import Iterable
+    from collections.abc import Iterable, Sequence
 
     from .autotag.hooks import AlbumInfo, Item, TrackInfo
 
diff --git a/beets/ui/__init__.py b/beets/ui/__init__.py
index 294b466d6..12eb6d005 100644
--- a/beets/ui/__init__.py
+++ b/beets/ui/__init__.py
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ import warnings
 from difflib import SequenceMatcher
 from functools import cache
 from itertools import chain
-from typing import Any, Callable, Literal
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Literal
 
 import confuse
 
@@ -42,6 +42,9 @@ from beets.dbcore import query as db_query
 from beets.util import as_string
 from beets.util.functemplate import template
 
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from collections.abc import Callable
+
 # On Windows platforms, use colorama to support "ANSI" terminal colors.
 if sys.platform == "win32":
     try:
diff --git a/beets/util/__init__.py b/beets/util/__init__.py
index fc05e4997..892c11167 100644
--- a/beets/util/__init__.py
+++ b/beets/util/__init__.py
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ import tempfile
 import traceback
 import warnings
 from collections import Counter
-from collections.abc import Sequence
+from collections.abc import Callable, Sequence
 from contextlib import suppress
 from enum import Enum
 from functools import cache
@@ -41,7 +41,6 @@ from typing import (
     TYPE_CHECKING,
     Any,
     AnyStr,
-    Callable,
     ClassVar,
     Generic,
     NamedTuple,
diff --git a/beets/util/artresizer.py b/beets/util/artresizer.py
index 5ecde5140..72007d0b5 100644
--- a/beets/util/artresizer.py
+++ b/beets/util/artresizer.py
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ import subprocess
 from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
 from enum import Enum
 from itertools import chain
-from typing import Any, ClassVar, Mapping
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, ClassVar
 from urllib.parse import urlencode
 
 from beets import logging, util
@@ -37,6 +37,9 @@ from beets.util import (
     syspath,
 )
 
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from collections.abc import Mapping
+
 PROXY_URL = "https://images.weserv.nl/"
 
 log = logging.getLogger("beets")
diff --git a/beets/util/hidden.py b/beets/util/hidden.py
index d2c66fac0..0a71c91fd 100644
--- a/beets/util/hidden.py
+++ b/beets/util/hidden.py
@@ -20,10 +20,9 @@ import os
 import stat
 import sys
 from pathlib import Path
-from typing import Union
 
 
-def is_hidden(path: Union[bytes, Path]) -> bool:
+def is_hidden(path: bytes | Path) -> bool:
     """
     Determine whether the given path is treated as a 'hidden file' by the OS.
     """
diff --git a/beets/util/pipeline.py b/beets/util/pipeline.py
index bd2c49316..2ed593904 100644
--- a/beets/util/pipeline.py
+++ b/beets/util/pipeline.py
@@ -36,10 +36,13 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 import queue
 import sys
 from threading import Lock, Thread
-from typing import Callable, Generator, TypeVar
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, TypeVar
 
 from typing_extensions import TypeVarTuple, Unpack
 
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from collections.abc import Callable, Generator
+
 BUBBLE = "__PIPELINE_BUBBLE__"
 POISON = "__PIPELINE_POISON__"
 
diff --git a/beetsplug/beatport.py b/beetsplug/beatport.py
index c07cce72f..718e0730e 100644
--- a/beetsplug/beatport.py
+++ b/beetsplug/beatport.py
@@ -19,14 +19,7 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 import json
 import re
 from datetime import datetime, timedelta
-from typing import (
-    TYPE_CHECKING,
-    Iterable,
-    Iterator,
-    Literal,
-    Sequence,
-    overload,
-)
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Literal, overload
 
 import confuse
 from requests_oauthlib import OAuth1Session
@@ -42,6 +35,8 @@ from beets.autotag.hooks import AlbumInfo, TrackInfo
 from beets.metadata_plugins import MetadataSourcePlugin
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from collections.abc import Iterable, Iterator, Sequence
+
     from beets.importer import ImportSession
     from beets.library import Item
 
diff --git a/beetsplug/bpd/__init__.py b/beetsplug/bpd/__init__.py
index 1a4f505dd..0359259b7 100644
--- a/beetsplug/bpd/__init__.py
+++ b/beetsplug/bpd/__init__.py
@@ -283,7 +283,7 @@ class BaseServer:
         if not self.ctrl_sock:
             self.ctrl_sock = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
             self.ctrl_sock.connect((self.ctrl_host, self.ctrl_port))
-        self.ctrl_sock.sendall((f"{message}\n").encode("utf-8"))
+        self.ctrl_sock.sendall((f"{message}\n").encode())
 
     def _send_event(self, event):
         """Notify subscribed connections of an event."""
diff --git a/beetsplug/chroma.py b/beetsplug/chroma.py
index 192310fb8..1e9835789 100644
--- a/beetsplug/chroma.py
+++ b/beetsplug/chroma.py
@@ -18,8 +18,8 @@ autotagger. Requires the pyacoustid library.
 
 import re
 from collections import defaultdict
+from collections.abc import Iterable
 from functools import cached_property, partial
-from typing import Iterable
 
 import acoustid
 import confuse
diff --git a/beetsplug/deezer.py b/beetsplug/deezer.py
index 3eaca1e05..ef27dddc7 100644
--- a/beetsplug/deezer.py
+++ b/beetsplug/deezer.py
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 
 import collections
 import time
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Literal, Sequence
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Literal
 
 import requests
 
@@ -32,6 +32,8 @@ from beets.metadata_plugins import (
 )
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from collections.abc import Sequence
+
     from beets.library import Item, Library
 
     from ._typing import JSONDict
diff --git a/beetsplug/discogs.py b/beetsplug/discogs.py
index be1cf97fa..29600a676 100644
--- a/beetsplug/discogs.py
+++ b/beetsplug/discogs.py
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ import time
 import traceback
 from functools import cache
 from string import ascii_lowercase
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Sequence, cast
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, cast
 
 import confuse
 from discogs_client import Client, Master, Release
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ from beets.autotag.hooks import AlbumInfo, TrackInfo
 from beets.metadata_plugins import MetadataSourcePlugin
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
-    from collections.abc import Callable, Iterable
+    from collections.abc import Callable, Iterable, Sequence
 
     from beets.library import Item
 
diff --git a/beetsplug/fetchart.py b/beetsplug/fetchart.py
index 37e7426f6..e6bd05119 100644
--- a/beetsplug/fetchart.py
+++ b/beetsplug/fetchart.py
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ from collections import OrderedDict
 from contextlib import closing
 from enum import Enum
 from functools import cached_property
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, AnyStr, ClassVar, Literal, Tuple, Type
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, AnyStr, ClassVar, Literal
 
 import confuse
 import requests
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ class Candidate:
         path: None | bytes = None,
         url: None | str = None,
         match: None | MetadataMatch = None,
-        size: None | Tuple[int, int] = None,
+        size: None | tuple[int, int] = None,
     ):
         self._log = log
         self.path = path
@@ -682,7 +682,7 @@ class GoogleImages(RemoteArtSource):
         """
         if not (album.albumartist and album.album):
             return
-        search_string = f"{album.albumartist},{album.album}".encode("utf-8")
+        search_string = f"{album.albumartist},{album.album}".encode()
 
         try:
             response = self.request(
@@ -1293,7 +1293,7 @@ class CoverArtUrl(RemoteArtSource):
 
 
 # All art sources. The order they will be tried in is specified by the config.
-ART_SOURCES: set[Type[ArtSource]] = {
+ART_SOURCES: set[type[ArtSource]] = {
     FileSystem,
     CoverArtArchive,
     ITunesStore,
diff --git a/beetsplug/importsource.py b/beetsplug/importsource.py
index 1c686d334..19b2530ba 100644
--- a/beetsplug/importsource.py
+++ b/beetsplug/importsource.py
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ class ImportSourcePlugin(BeetsPlugin):
 
     def __init__(self):
         """Initialize the plugin and read configuration."""
-        super(ImportSourcePlugin, self).__init__()
+        super().__init__()
         self.config.add(
             {
                 "suggest_removal": False,
diff --git a/beetsplug/lastgenre/__init__.py b/beetsplug/lastgenre/__init__.py
index 3b04e65d6..ea0ab951a 100644
--- a/beetsplug/lastgenre/__init__.py
+++ b/beetsplug/lastgenre/__init__.py
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ import os
 import traceback
 from functools import singledispatchmethod
 from pathlib import Path
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Union
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
 
 import pylast
 import yaml
@@ -352,7 +352,7 @@ class LastGenrePlugin(plugins.BeetsPlugin):
         combined = old + new
         return self._resolve_genres(combined)
 
-    def _get_genre(self, obj: LibModel) -> tuple[Union[str, None], ...]:
+    def _get_genre(self, obj: LibModel) -> tuple[str | None, ...]:
         """Get the final genre string for an Album or Item object.
 
         `self.sources` specifies allowed genre sources. Starting with the first
diff --git a/beetsplug/lyrics.py b/beetsplug/lyrics.py
index 76854f0e9..677467776 100644
--- a/beetsplug/lyrics.py
+++ b/beetsplug/lyrics.py
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ from html import unescape
 from http import HTTPStatus
 from itertools import groupby
 from pathlib import Path
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Iterable, Iterator, NamedTuple
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, NamedTuple
 from urllib.parse import quote, quote_plus, urlencode, urlparse
 
 import langdetect
@@ -42,6 +42,8 @@ from beets.autotag.distance import string_dist
 from beets.util.config import sanitize_choices
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from collections.abc import Iterable, Iterator
+
     from beets.importer import ImportTask
     from beets.library import Item, Library
     from beets.logging import BeetsLogger as Logger
diff --git a/beetsplug/mbpseudo.py b/beetsplug/mbpseudo.py
index 448aef365..9cfa99969 100644
--- a/beetsplug/mbpseudo.py
+++ b/beetsplug/mbpseudo.py
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 import itertools
 import traceback
 from copy import deepcopy
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Iterable, Sequence
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
 
 import mediafile
 import musicbrainzngs
@@ -40,6 +40,8 @@ from beetsplug.musicbrainz import (
 )
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from collections.abc import Iterable, Sequence
+
     from beets.autotag import AlbumMatch
     from beets.library import Item
     from beetsplug._typing import JSONDict
diff --git a/beetsplug/musicbrainz.py b/beetsplug/musicbrainz.py
index 29bbc26d0..3b49107ad 100644
--- a/beetsplug/musicbrainz.py
+++ b/beetsplug/musicbrainz.py
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ from collections import Counter
 from contextlib import suppress
 from functools import cached_property
 from itertools import product
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Iterable, Sequence
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
 from urllib.parse import urljoin
 
 import musicbrainzngs
@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@ from beets.metadata_plugins import MetadataSourcePlugin
 from beets.util.id_extractors import extract_release_id
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from collections.abc import Iterable, Sequence
     from typing import Literal
 
     from beets.library import Item
diff --git a/beetsplug/replaygain.py b/beetsplug/replaygain.py
index 3e777d977..a8c887caa 100644
--- a/beetsplug/replaygain.py
+++ b/beetsplug/replaygain.py
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
 from dataclasses import dataclass
 from multiprocessing.pool import ThreadPool
 from threading import Event, Thread
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Callable, TypeVar
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, TypeVar
 
 from beets import ui
 from beets.plugins import BeetsPlugin
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ from beets.util import command_output, displayable_path, syspath
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     import optparse
-    from collections.abc import Sequence
+    from collections.abc import Callable, Sequence
     from logging import Logger
 
     from confuse import ConfigView
diff --git a/beetsplug/spotify.py b/beetsplug/spotify.py
index a8126b852..b3c653682 100644
--- a/beetsplug/spotify.py
+++ b/beetsplug/spotify.py
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ import re
 import threading
 import time
 import webbrowser
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Literal, Sequence, Union
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Literal, Union
 
 import confuse
 import requests
@@ -43,6 +43,8 @@ from beets.metadata_plugins import (
 )
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from collections.abc import Sequence
+
     from beets.library import Library
     from beetsplug._typing import JSONDict
 
diff --git a/extra/release.py b/extra/release.py
index e16814960..0c11415a9 100755
--- a/extra/release.py
+++ b/extra/release.py
@@ -6,18 +6,18 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 
 import re
 import subprocess
+from collections.abc import Callable
 from contextlib import redirect_stdout
 from datetime import datetime, timezone
 from functools import partial
 from io import StringIO
 from pathlib import Path
-from typing import Callable, NamedTuple
+from typing import NamedTuple, TypeAlias
 
 import click
 import tomli
 from packaging.version import Version, parse
 from sphinx.ext import intersphinx
-from typing_extensions import TypeAlias
 
 from docs.conf import rst_epilog
 
diff --git a/test/plugins/test_aura.py b/test/plugins/test_aura.py
index f4535c738..7e840008e 100644
--- a/test/plugins/test_aura.py
+++ b/test/plugins/test_aura.py
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import os
 from http import HTTPStatus
 from pathlib import Path
-from typing import Any, Optional
+from typing import Any
 
 import pytest
 from flask.testing import Client
@@ -58,9 +58,7 @@ class TestAuraResponse:
     def get_response_data(self, client: Client, item):
         """Return a callback accepting `endpoint` and `params` parameters."""
 
-        def get(
-            endpoint: str, params: dict[str, str]
-        ) -> Optional[dict[str, Any]]:
+        def get(endpoint: str, params: dict[str, str]) -> dict[str, Any] | None:
             """Add additional `params` and GET the given endpoint.
 
             `include` parameter is added to every call to check that the
diff --git a/test/plugins/test_ftintitle.py b/test/plugins/test_ftintitle.py
index 56c82b9d2..b4259666d 100644
--- a/test/plugins/test_ftintitle.py
+++ b/test/plugins/test_ftintitle.py
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
 
 """Tests for the 'ftintitle' plugin."""
 
-from typing import Dict, Generator, Optional, Tuple, Union
+from collections.abc import Generator
 
 import pytest
 
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ def env() -> Generator[FtInTitlePluginFunctional, None, None]:
 
 def set_config(
     env: FtInTitlePluginFunctional,
-    cfg: Optional[Dict[str, Union[str, bool, list[str]]]],
+    cfg: dict[str, str | bool | list[str]] | None,
 ) -> None:
     cfg = {} if cfg is None else cfg
     defaults = {
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ def add_item(
     path: str,
     artist: str,
     title: str,
-    albumartist: Optional[str],
+    albumartist: str | None,
 ) -> Item:
     return env.add_item(
         path=path,
@@ -250,10 +250,10 @@ def add_item(
 )
 def test_ftintitle_functional(
     env: FtInTitlePluginFunctional,
-    cfg: Optional[Dict[str, Union[str, bool, list[str]]]],
-    cmd_args: Tuple[str, ...],
-    given: Tuple[str, str, Optional[str]],
-    expected: Tuple[str, str],
+    cfg: dict[str, str | bool | list[str]] | None,
+    cmd_args: tuple[str, ...],
+    given: tuple[str, str, str | None],
+    expected: tuple[str, str],
 ) -> None:
     set_config(env, cfg)
     ftintitle.FtInTitlePlugin()
@@ -287,7 +287,7 @@ def test_ftintitle_functional(
 def test_find_feat_part(
     artist: str,
     albumartist: str,
-    expected: Optional[str],
+    expected: str | None,
 ) -> None:
     assert ftintitle.find_feat_part(artist, albumartist) == expected
 
@@ -307,7 +307,7 @@ def test_find_feat_part(
 )
 def test_split_on_feat(
     given: str,
-    expected: Tuple[str, Optional[str]],
+    expected: tuple[str, str | None],
 ) -> None:
     assert ftintitle.split_on_feat(given) == expected
 
@@ -359,7 +359,7 @@ def test_contains_feat(given: str, expected: bool) -> None:
     ],
 )
 def test_custom_words(
-    given: str, custom_words: Optional[list[str]], expected: bool
+    given: str, custom_words: list[str] | None, expected: bool
 ) -> None:
     if custom_words is None:
         custom_words = []
diff --git a/test/plugins/test_hook.py b/test/plugins/test_hook.py
index 3392d6881..033e1ea64 100644
--- a/test/plugins/test_hook.py
+++ b/test/plugins/test_hook.py
@@ -19,13 +19,13 @@ import os
 import sys
 import unittest
 from contextlib import contextmanager
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Callable
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
 
 from beets import plugins
 from beets.test.helper import PluginTestCase, capture_log
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
-    from collections.abc import Iterator
+    from collections.abc import Callable, Iterator
 
 
 class HookTestCase(PluginTestCase):
diff --git a/test/plugins/test_importfeeds.py b/test/plugins/test_importfeeds.py
index 53da87172..3f51eca76 100644
--- a/test/plugins/test_importfeeds.py
+++ b/test/plugins/test_importfeeds.py
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 import datetime
 import os
-import os.path
 
 from beets.library import Album, Item
 from beets.test.helper import PluginTestCase
diff --git a/test/test_sort.py b/test/test_sort.py
index 25d993e30..460aa07b8 100644
--- a/test/test_sort.py
+++ b/test/test_sort.py
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
 
 """Various tests for querying the library database."""
 
-from mock import patch
+from unittest.mock import patch
 
 import beets.library
 from beets import config, dbcore